9.5 Social and Cultural Grown and Conflict

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Crusade

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A series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period, primarily aimed at reclaiming the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

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Pilgrimage

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A journey to a sacred place or shrine, often for religious reasons.

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Chivalry

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The medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code, emphasizing bravery, honor, and respect for women and the weak.

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Holy Land

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The region of the Middle East that is sacred to Christians, Jews, and Muslims, including Jerusalem and surrounding areas.

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Pandemic

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An outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a large number of people.

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Bubonic Plague

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A highly infectious disease caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, characterized by fever, chills, weakness, and swollen lymph nodes (buboes).

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Pope Urban II

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The pope who initiated the First Crusade with his call to arms at the Council of Clermont in 1095.

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Jerusalem

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A city in the Holy Land, regarded as sacred by Christians, Jews, and Muslims, and a focal point during the Crusades.

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Knights Templar

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A Catholic military order founded in the 12th century, known for its role in the Crusades.

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Saladin

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The first sultan of Egypt and Syria, known for leading the Muslim military campaign against the Crusader states in the Levant.