Medieval Europe and the Crusades

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Crusades

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a series of wars between European Christians and Middle Eastern Muslims over control of Jerusalem and the Holy Land

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universities

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places for higher education; fewer in Europe during the Middle Ages, many throughout the Muslim World

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William the Conqueror

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duke of Normandy who was victorious at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 to claim the English Throne

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Henry II

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English king who supported jury trials and created the Common Law

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Eleanor of Aquitaine

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noblewoman of France who married into English royalty; mother of kings; united more French land into English rule

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Magna Carta

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English constitutional document detailing rights of freemen; limited kings' powers

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Parliament

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English legislative body that controlled taxes and spending

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Estates-General

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French legislative body created to give the king more power against the pope

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Capetian Dynasty

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the royal family of France that united the country using the control of trade, expansion of royal officials and courts, and gaining land from English rule

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Bubonic Plague

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otherwise known as the Black Death, this disease (or combination of diseases) killed 1/3-2/3 of the European population