Key Historical and Philosophical Concepts

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Abolitionism

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A movement to end slavery.

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Adam Smith

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A Scottish economist and philosopher, known as the 'Father of Economics' and author of 'The Wealth of Nations'.

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Anti-Semitism

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Prejudice against, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews.

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Baron Montesquieu

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A French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers.

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Capitalism

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An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods and the means of production.

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Charles Fourier

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A French philosopher and an influential early socialist thinker later associated with 'utopian socialism'.

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Classical Liberalism

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A political ideology advocating civil liberties and political freedom with representative democracy under the rule of law and emphasizes economic freedom.

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Conservatism

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A political and social philosophy promoting traditional institutions in the context of culture and civilization.

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Deism

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A philosophical belief that posits that God exists and created the world but does not interfere directly with the created world.

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Dreyfus Affair

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A political scandal that divided the Third French Republic from 1894 until its resolution in 1906, involving the wrongful conviction of Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish French army officer.