Biology Concepts

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Energy

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Ability to do work; energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

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Thermodynamics

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Study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe.

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Metabolism

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All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.

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Photosynthesis

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Two-phase anabolic pathway in which the Sun’s light energy is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell.

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Cellular respiration

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Catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell.

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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Energy-carrying biological molecule, which, when broken down, drives cellular activities.

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Thylakoid

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In chloroplasts, one of the stacked, flattened, pigment-containing membranes in which light-dependent reactions occur.

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Granum

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One of the stacks of pigment-containing thylakoids in a plant’s chloroplasts.

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Stroma

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Fluid-filled space outside the grana in which light-dependent reactions take place.

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Pigment

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Light-absorbing colored molecule, such as chlorophyll and carotenoid, in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.