4.2a Observational Study versus Experiment

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What is an observational study?

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An observational study is a type of research where the researcher observes and records behavior or outcomes without manipulating any variables. It does not involve any intervention.

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What is an experiment?

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An experiment is a research method where the researcher manipulates one or more variables to determine their effect on a dependent variable. It typically involves a control group and an experimental group.

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What is the purpose of random assignment in experiments?

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Random assignment helps ensure that each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group, which minimizes bias and helps establish cause-and-effect relationships.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

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Give an example of an observational study.

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A survey asking students about their study habits and their grades is an observational study, as it collects data without manipulating any variables.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

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Give an example of an experiment.

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Testing the effect of a new teaching method on student performance by randomly assigning students to either the new method or the traditional method is an experiment.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

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What is a control group?

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A control group is a group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or intervention being tested, allowing for comparison against the experimental group.

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What is a dependent variable?

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A dependent variable is the outcome or response that is measured in an experiment to see if it is affected by changes in the independent variable.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

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What is an independent variable?

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An independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

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CCSS.HSS.IC.B.3

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What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

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Qualitative data describes characteristics or qualities (e.g., colors, names), while quantitative data involves numerical measurements (e.g., height, weight).

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Why is it important to have a large sample size in studies?

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A large sample size increases the reliability of the results and helps ensure that the findings are representative of the larger population.

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CCSS.7.SP.A.1

CCSS.HSS.IC.A.1