Protein Synthesis & Biotechnology

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What is protein synthesis?

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The process by which cells generate new proteins, involving transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to amino acids.

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What is a mutation?

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A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to changes in protein structure and function.

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What are the two main types of mutations?

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Point mutations (substitutions) and frameshift mutations (insertions and deletions).

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What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

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Ribosomes are the cellular structures where proteins are synthesized by translating mRNA into amino acid sequences.

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What is mRNA?

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Messenger RNA; a type of RNA that carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

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What is gel electrophoresis?

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A laboratory technique used to separate nucleic acids or proteins based on their size and charge.

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What is the function of tRNA?

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Transfer RNA; it brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis, matching them to the codons on the mRNA.

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What is transcription?

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The process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA, specifically mRNA, which carries the genetic information.

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What is translation?

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The process by which ribosomes read mRNA sequences to synthesize proteins by linking amino acids together.

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What is a frameshift mutation?

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A mutation caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame of the genetic code.