Voluntary Response Sample

A sample which involves only those who want to participate in the sampling.

Method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected.

Effect of Bias in a Study

Causes us to overestimate or underestimate the true value.

Occurs when some groups in the population are left out of the process of choosing the sample (not able to be chosen).

Occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or refuses to participate.

Anything in a survey design that influences responses

Examples of response bias

Wording of the question, characteristics of the interviewer, people lying in their answers

A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that each possible sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected. There are many ways to achieve this.

Steps to take a Simple Random Sample

1. Label each individual in the population with a number 2. Randomize the selection process 3. Select the number of individuals equal to the desired sample size

Variability in Sampling

Each random sample chosen may produce a different estimate.

Impact of increasing sample size

In general, as n increases, the variability decreases

A variable that we think explains or causes changes in the response variable

A variable that measures an outcome of a study.

Occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other

A specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment

The group that does not receive the experimental treatment.

4 Components of a Well-Designed Experiment

Comparison, random assignment, control of variables, replication

Importance of comparison in experimental design

Helps identify and reduce the impacts of confounding variables by comparing results of two or more treatments

Importance of random assignment in experimental design

Ensures effects of confounding variables are spread evenly among treatment groups, establishing a causal relationship

Importance of control of variables in experimental design

Reduces variability in the response variable by keeping other factors the same for all groups

Importance of replication in experimental design

Reduces the possibility that results are due to random chance by applying treatment to many subjects

Stratified Random Sample

A sampling design where the population is divided into subgroups, and random samples are drawn from each group

A sampling design where entire groups are chosen at random, and every individual in that group is surveyed

Systematic Random Sample

A sample where every nth individual is selected from a list or queue

Statistically Significant

An observed effect so large that it would very rarely occur by random chance

Generalizing results to the whole population

Possible when a random sampling method is used

Establishing causation in treatment results

When the researchers randomly assigned treatments!

Statistical Studies and Sampling Methods Flashcards

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34 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Observational Study

Back

A study based on data in which no manipulation of factors has been employed (as in no treatment has been imposed).

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Experiment

Back

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (imposes treatments) to observe the effect on the individuals/subjects.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Population

Back

The entire group of interest that we want to know about.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Sample

Back

A subset of the population that we record data on.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Census

Back

A survey/study in which data is recorded on the entire population.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Statistical Question

Back

Based on data that varies and/or that you need statistics to answer.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Convenience Sample

Back

Choosing individuals for a sample who are easiest to reach.

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