What is a glycosidic bond?

C–O–C link between two sugar molecules formed by a condensation reaction.

Polysaccharide in starch made of α-glucose joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.

Polysaccharide in starch made of α-glucose joined by 1,4 and 1,6-glycosidic bonds.

What is a condensation reaction?

A reaction that joins two molecules together with the formation of a chemical bond, involving the elimination of a molecule of water.

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between two molecules, involving the use of a water molecule.

What is a triglyceride?

Formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids, forming 3 ester bonds.

What is a phospholipid?

Formed by the condensation of one molecule of glycerol and two molecules of fatty acid, with a phosphate group attached.

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A molecule that is the same/similar shape as the substrate, binds to the active site, preventing enzyme-substrate complexes from forming.

What is the induced-fit model?

The enzyme active site is not initially complementary to the substrate; the active site moulds around the substrate.

What is the primary structure of a protein?

The sequence of amino acids on a polypeptide chain.

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

The folding or coiling to create a β pleated sheet or an α helix, held in place by hydrogen bonds.

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

The further folding to create a unique 3D shape, held in place by hydrogen, ionic, and sometimes disulfide bonds.

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

More than one polypeptide chain in a protein.

What is a peptide bond?

Covalent bond joining amino acids together in proteins, formed by a condensation reaction.

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme-controlled reactions?

At low temperatures, there is not enough kinetic energy for successful collisions; at high temperatures, enzymes denature.

What is the effect of pH on enzyme-controlled reactions?

Too high or too low a pH will interfere with the charges in the amino acids in the active site, breaking ionic and hydrogen bonds.

What is the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme-controlled reactions?

At low substrate concentrations, there will be fewer collisions; at high concentrations, the rate plateaus.

What is the effect of enzyme concentration on enzyme-controlled reactions?

At low enzyme concentrations, there will be fewer collisions; at high concentrations, the rate plateaus.

What is an ester bond?

–COO– chemical bond formed between glycerol and fatty acids.

The ability to mix, interact or attract water.

The tendency to repel and not mix with water.

Monosaccharide that exists as two isomers: β glucose and α glucose.

An example of a monosaccharide that forms sucrose.

Disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.

Disaccharide formed by the condensation of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule.

What is a polypeptide?

Polymer chain of a protein made up of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds.

What is an amino acid?

The monomer of a protein formed from C, H, O, N, containing a carboxyl group, amine group, and an R group.

What is the role of hydrogen ions?

Determine the pH; the more hydrogen ions, the more acidic the conditions are.

What is the structure of water?

Water is a polar molecule with a slightly negative oxygen atom and slightly positive hydrogen atoms.

What is ATP synthase?

Enzyme that catalyses the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi.

What is ATP hydrolase?

Enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of ATP into ADP + Pi.

What is phosphorylation?

The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule, making it more reactive.

What is a nucleotide?

The monomer of DNA and RNA, containing a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

What are complementary base pairs?

Base pairs that align opposite each other and form hydrogen bonds: adenine with thymine/uracil, guanine with cytosine.

What is semi-conservative replication?

DNA replication where one strand is from the parental DNA and one strand is newly synthesised.

What is the role of iron ions?

A compound of haemoglobin involved in oxygen transport.

What is the role of phosphate ions?

As a component of DNA, RNA, and ATP.

What is the test for reducing sugar?

Add Benedict's reagent, heat, and observe for a green/yellow/orange/brick red precipitate.

What is the test for non-reducing sugar?

Following a negative Benedict's test, boil sample in acid and then neutralise with alkaline.

What is the test for starch?

Add iodine; it turns blue/black.

What is the test for lipids?

Add ethanol and shake to dissolve, then add water; a white emulsion forms.

What is the structure of a triglyceride?

Large ratio of energy-storing carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to the number of carbon atoms.

Topic 1 AQA A Level Biological Molecules Flashcards

Student preview

59 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is a polymer?

Back

Molecules made from a large number of monomers joined together.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is a monosaccharide?

Back

The smaller units from which larger carbohydrates are made.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is a disaccharide?

Back

Formed by the condensation of two monosaccharides held together by a glycosidic bond.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is a polysaccharide?

Back

Formed by the condensation of many glucose units held by glycosidic bonds.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is cellulose?

Back

Polysaccharide in plant cell walls formed by the condensation of β-glucose.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is glycogen?

Back

Polysaccharide in animals formed by the condensation of α-glucose.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What is starch?

Back

Polysaccharide in plants formed by the condensation of α-glucose, contains two polymers - amylose and amylopectin.

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