BIO-201 Exam 4

Front

What is the role of opsin in vision physiology?

Back

Opsin is a protein that, when activated by light hitting the retinal portion of rhodopsin, initiates the phototransduction cascade, leading to visual signal processing.

Front

What is conjunctivitis?

Back

Conjunctivitis is the inflammation of the epithelium covering the outer surface of the eyeball, commonly known as pink eye.

Front

What is the function of the abducens nerve (VI)?

Back

The abducens nerve (VI) provides motor innervation to the lateral rectus muscle, facilitating eye movement.

Front

What structure in the ear helps equalize pressure?

Back

The Eustachian tube helps equalize pressure in the ear, connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

Front

What are the three meninges in order from outermost to innermost?

Back

The three meninges in order are: 1) Dura mater, 2) Arachnoid mater, 3) Pia mater.

Front

What happens to cyclic-GMP levels during phototransduction?

Back

During phototransduction, cyclic-GMP levels decrease, leading to the closure of gated-sodium channels and hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cell.

Front

What is the significance of the photoreceptor cell hyperpolarizing?

Back

Hyperpolarization of the photoreceptor cell reduces the release of neurotransmitters, signaling the presence of light to the bipolar cells.

Front

What is the difference between the tympanic membrane and the cochlea?

Back

The tympanic membrane (eardrum) transmits sound vibrations to the ossicles, while the cochlea is responsible for converting these vibrations into neural signals for hearing.

Front

What is the function of the cochlea?

Back

The cochlea is a spiral-shaped organ in the inner ear that converts sound vibrations into electrical signals for the auditory nerve.

Front

What is the role of the lateral rectus muscle?

Back

The lateral rectus muscle is responsible for abducting the eye, allowing it to move laterally.