AP Stats Semester Review

Front

What is a histogram?

Back

A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data, showing the frequency of data points within specified ranges (bins).

Front

What does the median represent in a data set?

Back

The median is the middle value of a data set when it is ordered from least to greatest. It divides the data into two equal halves.

Front

What is a z-score?

Back

A z-score indicates how many standard deviations an element is from the mean of the data set. It is calculated as (X - μ) / σ, where X is the value, μ is the mean, and σ is the standard deviation.

Front

What is the difference between mean and median?

Back

The mean is the average of all data points, while the median is the middle value when the data is sorted. The mean can be affected by outliers, whereas the median is more robust.

Front

What does it mean if a distribution is approximately normally distributed?

Back

An approximately normal distribution is symmetric and bell-shaped, with most data points clustering around the mean and fewer points as you move away from the mean.

Front

What is the purpose of using control groups in experiments?

Back

Control groups are used to establish a baseline for comparison, helping to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Front

What is the significance of standard deviation in statistics?

Back

Standard deviation measures the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values. A low standard deviation indicates that the values tend to be close to the mean, while a high standard deviation indicates more spread out values.

Front

How do you interpret a z-score of 1.75?

Back

A z-score of 1.75 means the value is 1.75 standard deviations above the mean of the data set.

Front

What is the lower quartile in a data set?

Back

The lower quartile (Q1) is the median of the lower half of a data set, representing the 25th percentile.

Front

What is confounding in experimental design?

Back

Confounding occurs when an outside variable influences both the dependent and independent variables, making it difficult to determine the true effect of the independent variable.