**AP Bio DNA Structure/Replication/Protein Synthesis**

Front

What is the structure of DNA?

Back

DNA is a double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides, which include a phosphate group, a sugar (deoxyribose), and nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine).

Front

What are the base pairing rules in DNA?

Back

Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T) and Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C-G).

Front

What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?

Back

Helicase unwinds the double helix and separates the two strands of DNA, allowing replication to occur.

Front

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

Back

DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides complementary to the template strand during replication.

Front

What is the difference between leading and lagging strands in DNA replication?

Back

The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork, while the lagging strand is synthesized in short segments (Okazaki fragments) away from the fork.

Front

What is transcription in protein synthesis?

Back

Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into mRNA, which occurs in the nucleus.

Front

What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?

Back

Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis where mRNA is translated into amino acid sequences.

Front

What are the three stages of transcription?

Back

The three stages of transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination.

Front

What is the function of the 5' cap on mRNA?

Back

The 5' cap protects mRNA from degradation, assists in ribosome attachment, and helps mRNA exit the nucleus.

Front

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

Back

tRNA transports specific amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the corresponding codon on the mRNA.