Final Exam Review_1

Front

What is the Ksp expression for the dissolution of Ca3(PO4)2 (s) in water?

Back

Ksp = [Ca²⁺]³ [PO₄³⁻]²

Front

What does a positive ΔH° and a positive ΔS° indicate about a reaction's spontaneity?

Back

The reaction is spontaneous only at high temperatures.

Front

How do you calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing acetic acid and sodium acetate?

Back

Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]).

Front

What are biopolymers?

Back

Biopolymers are large molecules made up of repeating units, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.

Front

What is the definition of a rate limiting step in a reaction?

Back

The rate limiting step is the slowest step in the reaction sequence that determines the overall reaction rate.

Front

What is the formula for calculating Ksp from solubility?

Back

Ksp = [products]^coefficients, where coefficients are the stoichiometric coefficients from the balanced equation.

Front

What is the significance of the equilibrium constant (K) in chemical reactions?

Back

K indicates the ratio of concentrations of products to reactants at equilibrium.

Front

Define spontaneous reaction.

Back

A spontaneous reaction is one that occurs without external intervention, typically characterized by a decrease in free energy.

Front

What is the relationship between ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS?

Back

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS, where ΔG is the change in Gibbs free energy, ΔH is the change in enthalpy, and ΔS is the change in entropy.

Front

What is the role of buffers in biological systems?

Back

Buffers help maintain a stable pH in biological systems by neutralizing acids and bases.