BIOL-1230 Chapter 9 Flashcard

Front

What is a community of bacteria attached to a solid surface called?

Back

A biofilm is a community of bacteria that adhere to a solid surface, often forming a protective layer.

Front

What are cells in multicellular organisms that respond to chemical signals from other cells called?

Back

Target cells are the specific cells in multicellular organisms that respond to chemical signals.

Front

What are proteins and glycoproteins that bind with ligands called?

Back

Receptors are proteins or glycoproteins that specifically bind to ligands, facilitating communication between cells.

Front

What are the signaling chemicals transferred across the gap between neurons called?

Back

Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that transmit signals across the synaptic gap between neurons.

Front

What is the process of converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal called?

Back

Transduction is the process by which an extracellular signal is converted into an intracellular signal, leading to a cellular response.

Front

What is the term for a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function?

Back

A tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a specific function in an organism.

Front

What is the role of ligands in cell signaling?

Back

Ligands are molecules that bind to receptors, initiating a response in the target cell.

Front

What is the difference between autocrine and paracrine signaling?

Back

Autocrine signaling involves a cell responding to signals it produces itself, while paracrine signaling involves signals affecting nearby cells.

Front

What is the function of enzymes in biochemical reactions?

Back

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells without being consumed in the process.

Front

What is the significance of signal amplification in cellular signaling?

Back

Signal amplification allows a small number of signaling molecules to produce a large response in the target cell, enhancing the effect of the signal.