Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

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geocentric

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Earth-centered; placing Earth at the center of the universe

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heliocentric

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Sun-centered; placing the Sun at the center of the universe

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universal law of gravitation

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A law of nature defined by Isaac Newton that states that every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity

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rationalism

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A system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

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scientific method

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A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence

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Copernicus

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Wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres; believed in a heliocentric model of the universe, or that the Sun was at the center of the universe and that the planets revolved around it

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Johannes Kepler

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Mathematician who used detailed astronomical data to create laws of planetary movement; his observations confirmed that the Sun was at the center of the universe; discovered that the orbits of the planets around the Sun were not circular but elliptical

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Galileo Galilei

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First European to make regular observations of the heavens with a telescope; discovered mountains on the Moon, 4 moons revolving around Jupiter and sunspots; he discovered that heavenly bodies were not pure orbs of light but were composed of material substance; he was ordered by the Catholic Church to abandon the Copernican system

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Isaac Newton

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Considered the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution; his major work is known as Principia where he defined the three laws of motion that govern both the planetary bodies and objects on Earth; created the universal law of gravitation, which explains why the planetary bodies do not go off in straight lines but continue in elliptical orbits around the Sun

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Scientific Revolution

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A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs. GOAL: SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT