Cell Biology Concepts

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Differentiation

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The process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function.

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Organelles

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Specialized structures within a cell that perform distinct processes.

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Prokaryotic cells and prokaryotes

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Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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Eukaryotic cells and eukaryotes

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Organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope.

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Magnification and resolution

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Magnification is the process of enlarging the appearance of an object, while resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects as separate entities.

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Stem cells

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Undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop into different cell types.

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Hydrophilic (polar) and hydrophobic (non-polar) substances

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Hydrophilic substances are attracted to water, while hydrophobic substances repel water.

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Integral and peripheral proteins

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Integral proteins are embedded in the cell membrane, while peripheral proteins are attached to the exterior or interior surfaces of the membrane.

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Aqueous, concentrated and dilute solutions

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Aqueous solutions have water as the solvent; concentrated solutions have a high amount of solute, while dilute solutions have a low amount of solute.

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Hypotonic, hypertonic and isotonic solutions

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Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solutes compared to the cell, hypertonic have a higher concentration, and isotonic have equal concentrations.