Front

Do not honor the worthy, value rare treasures, or display what others want, and the people will not compete, steal, or be confused.

Back

Taoism

Front

Lead people with virtue and rituals for standards and shame.

Back

Confucianism

Front

Treat others as great guests; employ with sacrifice; avoid harm to others for peace in family and country.

Back

Confucianism

Front

Punish light crimes severely to prevent serious offenses. This reflects the principle of ruling with law and order.

Back

Legalism

Front

Beauty and ugliness, good and bad, being and non-being, difficult and easy, long and short, high and low, before and after are interdependent. The Master acts without action and teaches without words.

Back

Taoism

Front

Establishing what people enjoy leads to suffering from dislikes; establishing dislikes leads to happiness in enjoyment.

Back

Legalism

Front

People starve due to excessive taxation by rulers with self-serving motives. They take death lightly to seek a richer life, valuing life only by not living for personal ends.

Back

Taoism

Front

Why use 'benefit'? Concern is with benevolence and right. If 'How can I benefit my state?' is asked, officials will think of family, and common people of self. This competition for benefit endangers the state.

Back

Confucianism